Abstract
Aim: We aimed to illustrate the relationship between maternal obesity during pregnancy
and maternal and fetal outcomes. We examined the influence of maternal BMI at the
beginning of pregnancy on risks of pregnancy and birth, and on the somatic classification
of the neonates. Material and methods: In our retrospective cohort study we included 499 267 singleton pregnancies taken
from the German perinatal statistics of 1998–2000. 51 506 obese pregnant women (BMI ≥ 30)
were compared to 320 148 pregnant women of normal weight (BMI 18.50–24.99). We divided
obesity into 3 BMI-categories: BMI = 30.00–34.99, BMI = 35.00–39.99, and BMI ≥ 40.00.
We defined small-for-gestational-age (SGA), appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA),
and large-for-gestational-age (LGA) status by birth weight percentiles. Results: 10.3 % of all pregnant women had a BMI ≥ 30.00 and 0.8 % had a BMI ≥ 40.00. The frequency
of hypertension increased with the extent of obesity: 7.1 % (BMI = 30.00–34.99), 12.5 %
(BMI = 35.00–39.99) and 18.3 % (BMI ≥ 40.00) compared to 1.2 % (BMI 18.50–24.99).
Cephalopelvic disproportion was found in 6.8 % (BMI ≥ 40.00) compared to 2.8 % (BMI
18.50–24.99). Fetal macrosomia occurred in 24.8 % (BMI ≥ 40.00) compared to 7.9 %
in the control group. Rates of pre-eclampsia, gestational diabetes, and fetal structural
anomalies also increased with maternal BMI. Women with different BMIs differed in
parity but not in age. Conclusions: Obesity during pregnancy is associated with a range of maternal and fetal adverse
outcomes. Pregnancy in obese women therefore calls for close monitoring and careful
planning of delivery. Pre-conceptional weight reduction should be considered.
Zusammenfassung
Fragestellung: Das Ziel der vorliegenden retrospektiven Kohortenstudie war es, Zusammenhänge zwischen
mütterlicher Adipositas (BMI ≥ 30) in der Schwangerschaft und fetomaternalen Risiken
darzustellen. Von wesentlichem Interesse war der Einfluss auf die somatische Klassifikation
der Neugeborenen. Material und Methoden: In die retrospektive Kohortenstudie wurden 499 267 Schwangere mit einer Einlingsgeburt
aus der Perinatalerhebung der Jahre 1998–2000 aus 8 Bundesländern der Bundesrepublik
Deutschland einbezogen. 51 506 adipöse schwangere Frauen (BMI ≥ 30) wurden 320 148 Schwangeren
mit einem Normalgewicht (BMI 18,50–24,99) gegenübergestellt. Die Adipositas wurde
in 3 Kategorien unterteilt: 1. BMI 30,00–34,99; 2. BMI 35,00–39,99 und 3. BMI ≥ 40.
Zur somatischen Klassifikation der Neugeborenen wurden die 10. und 90. Geburtsgewichtsperzentile
verwendet. Als hypotroph wurden Neugeborene < 10. Perzentile und als hypertroph Neugeborene
> 90. Perzentile eingestuft. Neugeborene im Bereich 10.–90. Perzentile galten als
eutroph. Ergebnisse: Einen BMI von ≥ 30,00 hatten 10,3 % der Schwangeren und 0,8 % der Schwangeren einen
BMI ≥ 40,00. Die Hypertonieraten erhöhten sich mit dem Ausmaß der mütterlichen Adipositas:
7,1 % (BMI 30,00–34,99), 12,5 % (BMI 35,00–39,99) und 18,3 % (BMI ≥ 40) verglichen
mit 1,2 % (BMI 18,50–24,99). Eine kephalopelvine Dysproportion fanden wir in 6,8 %
(BMI ≥ 40) verglichen mit 2,8 % (BMI 18,50–24,99). Die fetale Makrosomierate betrug
24,8 % (BMI ≥ 40) verglichen mit 7,9 % in der Kontrollgruppe. Die Raten von Präeklampsie,
Gestationsdiabetes und fetalen strukturellen Anomalien erhöhten sich ebenfalls entsprechend
dem mütterlichen Adipositasgrad. Die Adipositasrate in der Schwangerschaft steigt
mit zunehmender Parität an. Schlussfolgerungen: Bei Adipositas und Schwangerschaft sind sowohl mütterliche als auch neonatale Komplikationen
in erhöhtem Maße zu berücksichtigen. Während der Schwangerschaft sind die metabolische
Überwachung sowie eine sorgfältige Geburtsplanung bedeutsam. Präkonzeptionell stellt
die Gewichtsreduktion einen Therapieansatz dar.
Key words
cephalopelvic disproportion - fetal macrosomia - fetal structural anomalies - hypertension
- obesity
Schlüsselwörter
kephalopelvine Dysproportion - fetale Makrosomie - fetale strukturelle Anomalien -
Hypertonie - Adipositas
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PD Dr. Dr. rer. med. habil. M. Voigt
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology · Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University of Greifswald
Wollweberstrasse 1–3
17475 Greifswald
Germany
Email: manfred.voigt@kliniksued-rostock.de